Thailand and Cambodia’s border dispute flared again on July 24 near the ancient Prasat Ta Muen Thom temple. Both armies exchanged gunfire, triggering dangerous escalation. Thailand carried out F‑16 airstrikes on Cambodian military posts. Cambodia responded by recalling its diplomats and imposing trade restrictions.

F‑16 Jets Strike Cambodian Military Positions

Thailand’s military confirmed that six F‑16 jets were deployed near the border. One aircraft targeted a Cambodian base, destroying it according to Thai officials. Deputy military spokesperson Colonel Richa Suksuwnan stated that strikes were planned responses. Thailand cites recent attacks that killed at least two civilians as justification.

Cambodia’s Prime Minister Hun Manet alleged Thailand attacked military outposts in Oddar Meanchey and Preah Vihear provinces. He emphasized that Cambodia prefers diplomatic resolution but must respond with force against armed aggression.

Gunfire Erupts at Temple Site, Both Side Accuse the Other

Violence erupted near Preah Vihear temple between Thailand’s Surin province forces and Cambodian troops. Thailand says Cambodian forces deployed a surveillance drone and six armed men near a Thai post, triggering shots. Cambodia denies incursion, accusing Thailand of unprovoked aggression. Video footage from Thailand showed locals fleeing into concrete bunkers as blasts rattled villages.

Troop Fatalities and Injuries Raise Alarm

Clashes have left soldiers injured on both sides. Thai reports mention two or more Thai troops injured in a booby-trap blast in Ubon Ratchathani province on July 23. Thailand accused Cambodia of laying the explosive devices, allegedly of Russian origin. Cambodia rejected this accusation, claiming the explosion occurred in Preah Vihear province.

Historic Origins of the Dispute

The Thailand–Cambodia border dispute dates back to colonial-era maps drawn by France. Preah Vihear was shown within Cambodian territory in a 1907 map, which Thailand never accepted. Thailand claims that temple and other border sections, including Prasat Ta Muen Thom, lie within its boundary. The dispute intensified after UNESCO declared Preah Vihear a World Heritage Site in 2008, viewed by Thailand as impinging on its sovereignty.

Prasat Ta Muen Thom’s strategic location in Surin province makes it a flashpoint. The temple itself has long been disputed by both nations. The July 24 clash near its precincts marks a severe escalation.

Diplomatic Fallout and Trade Measures

Following clashes and bombings, Thailand expelled the Cambodian ambassador and closed northeastern border checkpoints. Cambodia strongly retaliated by downgrading diplomatic relations, recalling embassy staff, and banning Thai imports like fruit, fuel, and films. It also shut down some internet and power links.

Cabinet approval was granted to pursue legal action at the International Court of Justice (ICJ), a step Cambodia previously took in May after a soldier’s death at the border.

China Deepens Influence in Cambodia Amid Rising Tensions

China is emerging as a key power in the border standoff. Its naval base in Ream has increased Beijing’s presence in Cambodia. In response to regional tensions, Cambodia recently introduced 18-month mandatory military training and increased defense budgets. Analysts suspect Chinese support, including weaponry, is influencing this shift.

Domestic Political Fallout for Thailand

The crisis has stirred Thailand’s domestic politics. Prime Minister Pattongtan Shinawatra faced suspension by the Constitutional Court on July 2 following a leaked call with former Cambodian leader Hun Sen. The call was criticized for showing undue deference to Cambodia. This decision sparked public backlash among conservative factions, accusing her of compromising national sovereignty.

Regional and Global Implications

The clash between Thailand and Cambodia threatens Southeast Asia’s stability. India, a maritime neighbor to both nations, is monitoring the crisis. Thailand is a top tourist destination for Indians, with 2.1 million visitors in 2024. Border closures could disrupt tourism, bilateral trade, and regional connectivity.

Cambodia’s move to take the dispute to ICJ and China’s deepening military influence could internationalize the issue. Thailand has offered to resume dialogue via the Joint Border Committee established under a 2000 agreement, but Cambodia rejected that route.

The Thailand–Cambodia dispute now balances on a knife-edge. With airstrikes, ground exchanges, and international diplomacy unfolding simultaneously, the risk of further escalation is real. Both militaries hold firm control of strategic border temples. Regional actors, including the diplomatic powers, may pressure both sides to deescalate.

The world now watches whether Thailand and Cambodia can shift from force to dialogue. The role of ASEAN, ICJ proceedings, and international mediation could determine regional peace. For now, the region remains on high alert.